Analyzing the Dynamics of a Periodic Typhoid Fever Transmission Model with Imperfect Vaccination

We present a nonautonomous compartmental model that incorporates vaccination and accounts for the seasonal transmission of typhoid fever. The dynamics system are governed by basic reproductive number R0. This demonstrates global stability disease-free solution if R0<1. On contrary, R0>1, disease persists positive periodic solutions exist. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical findings. To accurately fit fever data in Taiwan from 2008 to 2023, we use estimate its parameters using Latin hypercube sampling least squares techniques. A sensitivity analysis reveals significant influence such as infection rates on reproduction number. Increasing coverage, despite challenges developing countries, reduces cases. Accessible highly effective vaccines play critical role suppressing epidemic, outweighing concerns about efficacy vaccine. Investigating possible parameter changes highlights importance monitoring managing prevent recurring annual epidemics.